Geodesy for Geomatics and Geographic Information System Professionals
by James A. Elithorp Jr and Dennis D. Findorff
Trade paperback: 259 pages
ISBN: 1-59399-087-1
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Book ID: 10585-1-1
Geodesy for Geomatics and Geographic Information System ProfessionalsAbout this book

This book is a teaching textbook in geodesy for university students and professional practitioners. Geodesy is the study and practice of making precise measurements over long distances or over large areas on or near the earth’s surface. The use of electromagnetic energy and satellite systems has revolutionized the provision of geodetic services and products. This rapid technological change has pushed the need for a working knowledge of geodesy from the halls of graduate school to the field and office of the geomatics professional.

The responsible use of the Global Positioning System (GPS) and the use of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) concepts and software to provide services and products desired by society demand an understanding of fundamental geodetic theory. Geodetic theory involves models such as the ellipsoid and geoid; reference frames and coordinate transformations; datums and datum conversions; gravity and potential; ellipsoid heights, geoid heights, and orthometric heights; and the traditional reduction of observations.

This textbook contains over 100 drawings and figures to graphically demonstrate basic concepts and relationships. Most chapters contain several sample problems completely solved to demonstrate the application of basic theory. The book has been used for three years to teach the first course in geodesy at Troy State University and at the Oregon Institute of Technology.

About the authors

Dr. James A. Elithorp earned a Ph.D. in Geomatics Engineering (1999) and a Masters of Science in Surveying Engineering (1996) from Purdue University; the Bachelors of Science in Surveying (1994) from the Oregon Institute of Technology; the Masters Public Administration (1980) from California State University, Sacramento, and the Bachelor of Arts in Government (1970) from Sacramento State College.

Dr. Elithorp became interested in the study of geomatics as the owner’s representative on a hydroelectric plant construction project in eastern Oregon. He worked for the Alaska State Office of the Bureau of Land Management participating in the provision of cadastral surveys in the Alaskan bush. He worked for the Western Region of the Federal Highway Administration doing route surveys for highway construction. Dr. Elithorp taught geomatics courses at Purdue University for a year before accepting his current responsibilities as director of the Troy State University Geomatics Program.

Dennis D. Findorff graduated with a Master of Science in Surveying Engineering (1994) from Purdue University. He earned a Bachelor of Science in Construction Engineering Technology (1982) from Montana State University. Mr. Findorff is a registered professional land surveyor and professional engineer. He was a professor in the Department of Civil Engineering and Geomatics at Oregon Institute of Technology for nine years before resigning in 2003 to pursue pastoral ministry.


Table of Contents
Chapter 1—Chapter One Introduction
  • Definition of Geodesy
  • Definition of Geomatics
  • Relevance of Geodesy
  • Geodetic Subdivisions
  • Plane Surveying
  • Reference Surfaces
  • History of Geodesy (Short Version!)
  •    Spherical Earth Model
  •    Ellipsoidal Earth Model
  •    The Geoid
  •    Satellite Geodesy
Chapter 2—Latitude and Longitude
  • Definitions
  • Latitude
  • Longitude
  • Graticule
  • Celestial Sphere
  • Diffusion Models
  • Polaris as the Extended Pole
  • Time
Chapter 3—Geometry of the Sphere
  • Basic Concepts
  • Spherical Coordinates
  • Curvilinear Coordinates
  • Cartesian (Rectangular) Coordinates
  • Coordinate Transformations
  • Azimuths and Distances on the Sphere
  • Spherical Triangles
  • Spherical Trigonometry
  •    Law of Sines
  •    Law of Cosines
  •    Cotangent Formulas
  • Normal Sections
  • Other Spherical Earth Characteristics
  •    Convergence of the Meridians
  •    Spherical Excess
  •    Rule of Thumb
Chapter 4—The Earth's Gravity Field
  • Gravity
  • Gravitation
  • Centrifugal Acceleration
  • Gravity Acceleration
  • Potential
  •    Gravitational Potential
  •    Centrifugal Potential
  •    Gravity Potential
  • Equipotential Surfaces
  • The Geoid
  • Gravity
  • Geopotential Number
  • Orthometric Height
  • Dynamic Height
  • Does water always flow downhill?
  • Leveling
  •    Single Setup
  •    Multiple Setups - Leveling Circuit
  •    Level Loops
  •    Orthometric Excess & Correction
Chapter 5—Geometry of the Ellipsoid
  • Meridian Ellipse
  • Latitude
  • Ellipsoid of Revolution
  • Radii of Curvature
  •    Meridian Plane
  •    Prime Vertical
  • Three Types of Latitude ( Revisited)
  • Lengths of Arcs
  • Area
  • The Geodesic
  • Computations on the Ellipsoid Surface
  •    Common Equations
  •    Direct Solution
  •    Inverse Solution
Chapter 6—Geodetic Perspective on the USPLSS
  • Definition of Convergence
  •    Convergence on the Sphere
  •    Convergence on the Ellipsoid
  • Mean Bearing and Azimuth
  • Distances
  • Geodetic Implications
Chapter 7—Geodetic Reference Systems
  • Coordinate Systems
  •    Geodetic (Curvilinear) Coordinates
  •    Geocentric (Cartesian) Coordinates
  •    Local Geodetic Horizon Coordinates
  • Coordinate Transformations
  •    Geodetic to Geocentric
  •    Geocentric to Geodetic
  •    Generic Coordinate Transformations
  •    Two Dimensional (2-D) Coordinate Transformations
  •       Rotation
  •       Translation
  •       Scale Change
  •       Four Parameter Transformation
  •    Three Dimensional (3-D) Coordinate Transformations
  •       Rotation
  •       Translation
  •       General Form
  •       Local to Geocentric
  •       Geocentric to Local
Chapter 8—Geodetic Datums
  • Vertical Control Datums
  •    Vertical Control Datums in the U.S
  •       National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929
  •       North American Vertical Datum of 1988
  • Horizontal Control Datums
  •    History
  •       North American Datum
  •       North American Datum of 1927
  •       North American Datum of 1983
  •    Geodetic Control Networks
  •       High Accuracy Reference Networks
  •       Reobservation of HARNs
  • Geodetic Datum Conversions
  •    Vertical Datum Conversions
  •       NGS Methods
  •       The “Two-Plane” Method
  •    Horizontal Datum Conversions
  •    Global Datum Conversions
Chapter 9—The Geoid
  • The Marine Geoid
  • Gravity Measurements
  •    Reduction of Gravity Measurements
  •       Free-Air Gravity Anomalies
  •       Bouguer Gravity Anomalies
  • Geoid Heights
  • Geoid Models
  •    G99SSS
  •    GEOID99
  • GPS Leveling
Chapter 10—Reduction of Observations
  • The Plumb Line
  • Deflection of the Vertical
  • DEFLEC99
  • Definition of Astronomic Observations
  • Geodetic-Astronomic Conversions
  • Horizontal Distance - What Is It?
  • Level Distance
  • Correction for Atmospheric Refraction
  • Correction for Earth Curvature
  • Geodetic Distance
  • Traversing with Geodetic Coordinates
  •    Reduction of Observed Zenith Angles
  •    Reduction of Observed Horizontal Angles
  •    Reduction of Distances
  •    Line of Sight Obstructions
Chapter 11—Satellite Coordinate Systems
    Coordinate Confusion
  • The Celestial Sphere
  • The Earth's Orbit
  • The International Celestial Reference Frame
  • Motion of the Earth's Axis
  •    Precession
  •    Nutation
  •    Celestial Pole Offsets
  •    Polar Motion
  •    Terrestrial Poles
  • Rate of Rotation
  • Time
  •    Solar Time
  •    Sidereal Time
  •    Greenwich Apparent Sidereal Time
  • Earth Orientation
  • Equation of Motion
  • The State Vector
  • Kepler's Laws
  •    Kepler's First Law
  •    Kepler's Second Law
  •    Kepler's Third Law
  • Normal Satellite Orbits
  • Keplerian Orbital Elements
  • Keplerian Coordinate System
  • Orbital Perturbations
Chapter 12—Geodesy and GPS
  • Coordinate Confusion
  • NAD 83 (1986) The 1st Realization
  • NAD 83 (HARN) 2nd Realization
  • NAD 83 (CORS93) 3rd Realization
  • NAD 83 (CORS94) 4th Realization
  • NAD 83 (CORS96) 5th Realization
  • WGS 84
  • ITRS
  • ITRS to NAD 83 (CORS96)
  • Precise Positioning with GPS
  • National Adjustment of the HARN's
  • GPS Derived Elevations
Appendices
  • Appendix A Sample NGS Data Sheet.
  • Appendix B Sample Output from Geodetic Software
  • Appendix C Derivations
  •    Meridian Ellipse ( p and q)
  •    Meridian Radius of Curvature
Bibliography

Index
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